Corrigendum: The impact of the parental support on risk factors in the process of gender affirmation of transgender and gender diverse people.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00399.].

Hopelessness and shame in relation to suicide attempts by Cuban adolescents.

Youth suicide rates in Cuba are very high compared with most other countries, despite considerable improvement in recent years. The purpose of our study was to determine whether hopelessness and shame distinguish adolescent suicide attempters from non-attempters, over and above the effects of depression and suicidal ideation. Participants were 844 Cuban adolescents from the province of Holguin in Eastern Cuba. The attempter groups included 38 participants being treated for suicide attempts in a day hospital and 82 participants in the community who self-reported a previous suicide attempt. The other participants were non-attempter controls. All participants were asked to complete measures of depression, hopelessness, shame and suicidal ideation. As expected, attempters scored higher than non-attempters on the control variables of depression and suicidal ideation. In addition, attempters self-reported greater shame, especially behavioral and characterological shame, than non-attempters. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant difference in hopelessness between attempters and non-attempters. The results are inconsistent with the considerable narrative lore about hopelessness as a reason for suicide in Cuba and other socialist countries. However, some collective socialization practices may lead to shame.

Capturing the heterogeneity of life on the streets: A person-centered analysis of street histories and social connections of youth.

INTRODUCTION: The heterogeneity of street-involved youth was examined using a person-centered approach. Youth were classified based on patterns of street involvement and the identified profiles compared to identify theoretically coherent and practically significant differences. METHODS: Participants were 111 street-involved youth aged 9 to 18 (M age = 14.15 years; 81.1% male, 91.1% non-white) from three Brazilian cities. Youth completed a life history interview and structured assessment. Latent class analysis was used to identify three profiles of youth based on reasons for going to the street and connections to major developmental contexts (street, family, institutions). Profile comparisons on psychosocial variables (e.g., age, life events) and adjustment indicators (e.g., drug use, life satisfaction) were conducted using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The largest profile (48.6%) included youth drawn to the street by drug use or trafficking, who had moderate connections to street and family. Another group (40.5%) went to the street to escape family dysfunction, and the street represented their primary developmental context. These groups differed on some psychosocial indicators but had similar patterns of adjustment. The third group of youth (10.8%) had families with a history of street involvement and maintained strong ties to all three developmental contexts. These youth had generally better adjustment than their peers (e.g., less drug use, higher life satisfaction) but had higher levels of sexual risk related to the overrepresentation of girls. CONCLUSIONS: Street involvement is a multidetermined phenomenon that may expose young people to distinct conditions of vulnerability. Findings have implications for research, practice, and policy.

Sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive variables associated with pregnancy among adolescents from low socioeconomic background.

Adolescent pregnancy remains a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Portugal and Brazil represent some of the best examples of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive health-related variables associated with adolescent pregnancy among students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in both countries. The sample included 984 female adolescents, among whom 215 became pregnant. Living with a partner and lack of information about sex and contraception from the family were the best explicative factors for pregnancy occurrence in both countries. Country-specific variables were also identified. Our results may contribute to developing global preventive interventions, addressing the school as an ideal setting for primary intervention and considering culture-specific characteristics of high-risk populations.

Trajectories of Adjustment in a Brazilian Sample of Street-Involved Youth.

Trajectories of adjustment were examined in a sample of street-involved youth across a 1-year period. Participants (N = 113; Mage  = 14.18 years; 80.5% male, 91% non-White) were recruited in three Brazilian cities. Interviews conducted at three time points included six measures of physical and psychological adjustment. Unconditional growth models revealed linear declines over time (i.e., improved adjustment) on three indicators: health symptoms, sexual risk behaviors, and negative affect. There were no linear changes in drug use, positive affect, or life satisfaction. Conditional growth models revealed few significant effects for age or gender, but ratings of stressful life events moderated longitudinal changes in health symptoms, drug use, and negative affect. Implications for practice, policy, and theory are discussed.

Corrigendum: The Impact of the Parental Support on Risk Factors in the Process of Gender Affirmation of Transgender and Gender Diverse People.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00399.].

Adverse childhood experiences and adjustment: A longitudinal study of street-involved youth in Brazil.

Most research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been conducted in high-income countries in the global North. The current longitudinal study examined the prevalence, overlap, and impact of ACEs in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents who use city streets as spaces for socialization and survival (i.e., street-involved youth). Participants (N = 113; M age = 14.18 years) were recruited in three cities following standardized procedures. Most youth were male (80.5%) and non-White (91%). Lifetime exposure to ACEs was assessed at the first study time point; six indicators of psychological, behavioral, and physical adjustment were assessed 6 months later. Analyses addressed three research goals. First, the prevalence of seven ACEs was examined. Youth reported an average of 4.8 ACEs (SD = 1.25); no significant age or gender differences were found in ACEs exposure (all ps > .05). Second, the overlap between different ACEs was explored. Family dysfunction was correlated with family disruption and physical abuse; poverty and physical abuse were related (ps < .05). Third, prospective associations between ACEs and adjustment were tested. Total number of ACEs was not significantly correlated with any outcome, but several associations emerged for specific ACEs. For example, death of a close friend or family member was prospectively associated with negative affect; sexual abuse was associated with illicit drug use and physical health symptoms (ps < .05). Findings highlight the prevalence of ACEs in this vulnerable population and underscore the value of extending research on ACEs into novel populations and contexts.

Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Attention Bias Modification for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Factorial Randomized Trial of Efficacy.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to assess group differences in symptom reduction between individuals receiving group cognitive behavioral therapy (G-CBT) and attention bias modification (ABM) compared to their respective control interventions, control therapy (CT), and attention control training (ACT), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. METHODS: A total of 310 treatment-naive children (7-11 years of age) were assessed for eligibility and 79 children with generalized, separation or social anxiety disorder were randomized and received G-CBT (n = 42) or CT (n = 37). Within each psychotherapy group, participants were again randomized to ABM (n = 38) or ACT (n = 41) in a 2 × 2 factorial design resulting in four groups: G-CBT + ABM (n = 21), G-CBT + ACT (n = 21), CT + ABM (n = 17), and CT + ACT (n = 20). Primary outcomes were responder designation as defined by Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale (≤2) and change on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS). RESULTS: There were significant improvements of symptoms in all groups. No differences in response rates or mean differences in PARS scores were found among groups: G-CBT + ABM group (23.8% response; 3.9 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.3 to 8.1), G-CBT + ACT (42.9% response; 5.6 points, 95% CI 2.2-9.0), CT + ABM (47.1% response; 4.8 points 95% CI 1.08-8.57), and CT + ACT (30% response; 0.8 points, 95% CI -3.0 to 4.7). No evidence or synergic or antagonistic effects were found, but the combination of G-CBT and ABM was found to increase dropout rate. CONCLUSIONS: We found no effect of G-CBT or ABM beyond the effects of comparison groups. Results reveal no benefit from combining G-CBT and ABM for anxiety disorders in children and suggest potential deleterious effects of the combination on treatment acceptability.

The Impact of the Parental Support on Risk Factors in the Process of Gender Affirmation of Transgender and Gender Diverse People.

Research involving transgender and gender diverse people (TGD) increased in the last years, mostly concerning healthcare associated to this population. Few studies dedicated their analysis to the impact of parental support on transgender people, even though this is an important aspect in creating a safe environment on which these individuals can build their identity. In addition, the link between family support, TGD identity and homelessness is not completely established. Thus, due to the specificities of the family context of TGD individuals, the aim of this study is to investigate the association between family support and TGD in different moments of the process of gender affirmation. In addition, this study also aims to explore the relationship between a lack of social support and low self-esteem, home abandonment, and dwelling in the street. The survey was designed based on the TransPULSE project and was made available in electronic format. The sample was constituted of 423 TGD residents in two Brazilian states. A Structural Equation Model analysis suggested that the impact of gender affirmation status on homelessness was mediated by parental support, through self-esteem, and the need to move from home. The association between the status of the gender affirmation procedures, family support and self-esteem was significant and indicated that the further TGD individuals advanced in gender affirmation, the more self-esteem and family support they would have. The association between family support and self-esteem indicated that family support was associated with higher self-esteem. Low family support was associated with the willingness to move from home due to one's TGD status and there was also a significant correlation between low self-esteem and the willingness to move from home due to one's TGD status. Finally, homelessness was associated with the willingness to move with a large effect size. Limitations include the sample that was constituted by individuals with Internet access and who had more contact with TGD communities. The findings indicate directions for interventions involving TGD people and their families, considering the parental relationship as a critical variable to improve TGD quality of life in the process of gender affirmation.

Research on Natural Settings: Observing Adolescent Mothers and Infants throughout the First Postpartum Year.

This manuscript aims to present and discuss challenges regarding naturalistic observation of adolescent mothers and their infants throughout the first postpartum year. Case illustrations were the object to discuss methodological options and issues faced during an observational and longitudinal research. The participants live in vulnerability in a metropolitan area in Southern Brazil. Data collection challenges led to reflections about naturalistic observation and methodological procedures, which were affected by setting characteristics and by the need of adapting to them. Most methodological difficulties were linked to naturalistic observations of mothers and their infants. Personal and contextual aspects of these settings must be taken into account in order to enhance result reliability and the knowledge about cultural idiosyncrasies.

Evaluación de impacto de la intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros para la prevención de accidentes domésticos durante la primera infancia / Impact assessment of the Safe Environment Intervention Module for prevention of domestic accidents during early childhood

Resumen El impacto de la intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros contra los accidentes domésticos que sufren niños durante la primera infancia fue evaluado a través de visitas domiciliarias en las cuales se valoró el nivel de riesgo de accidentes domésticos y la calidad del contexto inmediato de desarrollo temprano de los niños, antes y después de la intervención, en dos grupos. Se conformó un grupo intervención de 29 cuidadoras y un grupo control de 18 participantes que fueron seleccionadas según su disponibilidad para ser visitadas en sus hogares y para participar en la intervención. Los resultados mostraron que la intervención mejoró la calidad del contexto inmediato del desarrollo temprano de los niños en su dimensión interacción, y disminuyó la conducta de dejar solos a los niños en casa. Al finalizar, las participantes manifestaron un alto grado de satisfacción con la intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros.

The Safe Environment Intervention Module for the prevention of domestic accidents in early childhood was assessed using home visits to test its effects on the level of risk of domestic accidents, as well as the quality of the immediate context of early child development. The intervention was developed in four sessions in which 29 caregivers participated. They self-reported their satisfaction at the end of the intervention. A control group with 18 caregivers was formed according to their availability. The results showed that the intervention improves the quality of the immediate context of early child development in their interactive dimensions, and reduces the behaviour of leaving children alone at home. Participants were highly satisfied with the Safe Environment Intervention Module.

Commentary on Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Positive Youth Development With Implications for Intervention Research.

There is a growing focus on youth positive development issues among researchers and practitioners around the world. In this special issue of Child Development, each of the international authors provides new perspectives and understanding about youth developmental assets in different cultural settings. The present commentary (a) examines some of the cross-cultural themes that emerge from the four articles by international authors in this issue with implications for positive youth development (PYD) and (b) how intervention science can benefit by incorporating a PYD approach. As evident, youth involved in contexts that provide positive resources from significant others not only were less likely to exhibit negative outcomes, but also were more likely to show evidence of positive development.

Psychometric properties of the dimensional anxiety scales for DSM-5 in a Brazilian community sample.

The DSM-5 highlights the use of dimensional assessments of mental health as a supplement to categorical diagnoses. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales in a Brazilian community sample. Dimensional scales for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobia were administered to 930 adults aged 18 to 70, 64.2% female. Psychometric properties investigated were: unidimensionality; measurement invariance; internal consistency; composite reliability; test-retest reliability; convergent and divergent validity; category thresholds and item performance analyses. Analyses revealed unidimensionality for all scales except for specific phobia. Measurement invariance, high internal consistency and composite reliability, and convergent and divergent validity were demonstrated. Test-retest reliability was high for all scales but generalized anxiety disorder. Item-based analyses evidenced that none of the items were very easy to endorse and that the scales offered more information about subjects with high severity estimates of anxiety. The DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales are a valid and reliable alternative to assess anxiety symptomatology in community settings, although further evaluation is needed, especially for specific phobia. The scales seem to be more useful for characterizing dimensionality of symptoms for subclinical or clinical cases than for slight or mildly anxious subjects.

Global Equity and Justice Issues for Young People During the First Three Decades of Life.

This chapter takes a global perspective on equity and justice during development from childhood into adulthood. Globally, the population of young people is booming with the most rapid growth among young people in the poorest countries. While already faced with significant issues related to development and thriving, this population boom also exacerbates equity and justice for these children. Given this urgent situation, this chapter builds from the large body of minority world research, as well as the emergent majority world research, to argue that in order to turn the youth bulge into a demographic dividend, researchers must utilize a positive development framing rather than the more dominant problem-focused framing in studying these issues. The structural challenges confronting young people growing up in contexts marked by poverty; weak systems and institutions, especially those serving education, health, and justice; weak political and governance systems; and continual conflict must also be addressed by global and national governmental bodies. This chapter will emphasize the strengths and opportunities of the majority world, highlighting some of the strong, emergent examples of programs that support and develop the strengths of young people. We conclude with a discussion of appropriate support required from the minority and majority worlds that would further strengthen young people globally and enable them to become leaders of a more just, equitable world.

Individual and culture-level components of survey response styles: A multi-level analysis using cultural models of selfhood.

Variations in acquiescence and extremity pose substantial threats to the validity of cross-cultural research that relies on survey methods. Individual and cultural correlates of response styles when using 2 contrasting types of response mode were investigated, drawing on data from 55 cultural groups across 33 nations. Using 7 dimensions of self-other relatedness that have often been confounded within the broader distinction between independence and interdependence, our analysis yields more specific understandings of both individual- and culture-level variations in response style. When using a Likert-scale response format, acquiescence is strongest among individuals seeing themselves as similar to others, and where cultural models of selfhood favour harmony, similarity with others and receptiveness to influence. However, when using Schwartz's (2007) portrait-comparison response procedure, acquiescence is strongest among individuals seeing themselves as self-reliant but also connected to others, and where cultural models of selfhood favour self-reliance and self-consistency. Extreme responding varies less between the two types of response modes, and is most prevalent among individuals seeing themselves as self-reliant, and in cultures favouring self-reliance. As both types of response mode elicit distinctive styles of response, it remains important to estimate and control for style effects to ensure valid comparisons.

Is the General Self-Efficacy Scale a Reliable Measure to be used in Cross-Cultural Studies? Results from Brazil, Germany and Colombia.

This study evaluated cross-cultural measurement invariance for the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) in a large Brazilian (N = 2.394) and representative German (N = 2.046) and Colombian (N = 1.500) samples. Initially, multiple-indicators multiple-causes (MIMIC) analyses showed that sex and age were biasing items responses on the total sample (2 and 10 items, respectively). After controlling for these two covariates, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was employed. Configural invariance was attested. However, metric invariance was not supported for five items, in a total of 10, and scalar invariance was not supported for all items. We also evaluated the differences between the latent scores estimated by two models: MIMIC and MGCFA unconstraining the non-equivalent parameters across countries. The average difference was equal to |.07| on the estimation of the latent scores, and 22.8% of the scores were biased in at least .10 standardized points. Bias effects were above the mean for the German group, which the average difference was equal to |.09|, and 33.7% of the scores were biased in at least .10. In synthesis, the GSES did not provide evidence of measurement invariance to be employed in this cross-cultural study. More than that, our results showed that even when controlling for sex and age effects, the absence of control on items parameters in the MGCFA analyses across countries would implicate in bias of the latent scores estimation, with a higher effect for the German population.

Longitudinal effects of contextual and proximal factors on mother-infant interactions among Brazilian adolescent mothers.

Adolescent mothers often come from vulnerable backgrounds which might impact the quality of both maternal and infant behavior. Despite the negative impact of adolescent motherhood for maternal and infant behavior, social support may decrease the risks and promote maternal behavior toward the infant. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally the effects of proximal (maternal behavior) and distal (mother's perceived social support) variables on infant development in a sample of Brazilian adolescent mothers and their infants. Thirty-nine adolescent mothers (Mage=17.26years; SD=1.71) were observed interacting with their infants at 3 and 6 months postpartum and reported on social support. Results revealed that maternal and infant behavior were associated within and across times. Mothers' perceived social support at 3 months had an indirect effect on infant behavior at 6 months, totally mediated by maternal behavior at 6 months. Our findings revealed the mutual influence between maternal and infant behavior, revealing a proximal process. The results also underscored the importance of the passage of time in the interplay between mother-infant interactions and their developmental context.

Revisão sistemática de estudos da psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial / Systematic review of brazilian psychological studies about racial prejudice / Revisión sistematica de estudios de psicología brasileña sobre el prejuicio

O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre os estudos com foco em preconceito racial publicados pela Psicologia brasileira. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PePSIC, Index Psi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), e PsycINFO, utilizando os termos "racismo" ou "preconceito racial". O banco final incluído na análise foi constituído por 77 artigos, 35 teóricos e 42 empíricos, publicados desde 2001. A Psicologia Social, em suas mais variadas vertentes, foi a base teórica mais utilizada. O tema mais frequente nos artigos empíricos foram as cotas de acesso ao ensino superior. Já os teóricos investigaram temas como as origens do preconceito racial e suas formas de expressão, as consequências do preconceito para as vítimas de racismo, e as influências de teorias raciais no desenvolvimento da Psicologia, entre outros. Foram identificadas algumas lacunas na descrição metodológica dos estudos nacionais, principalmente no que diz respeito à caracterização de participantes, instrumentos e procedimentos adotados. Também foi constatada a necessidade de um incremento na realização de pesquisas que visem a compreender como o preconceito racial se desenvolve em crianças no contexto brasileiro. São escassas, ainda, pesquisas que tenham como foco adultos não-universitários e pessoas que pertençam a grupos discriminados. Além disso, apenas um estudo utilizou medidas implícitas de atitude. O número relativamente baixo de pesquisas da Psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial publicadas, assim como as lacunas identificadas, revelam que, longe de estar saturada, a área ainda tem muito a se desenvolver no país.(AU).

The purpose of this study was to systematically review Brazilian psychological studies focusing on racial prejudice. A search was conducted in the databases SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PePSIC, Index Psi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), and PsycINFO. The final database included in the analysis consisted of 77 articles, 35 theoreticals and 42 empiricals, published since 2001. Social Psychology was the most widely used theorical basis. The affirmative actions, specially the quota system, were the most frequent theme of empirical studies. On the other hand the theoretical studies focused on a variety of topics such as the origins and expression of racial prejudice, the consequences of prejudice for its victims, and the influences of racial theories in the development of Psychology. Results indicated the existence of some methodological gaps in the description of the studies, particularly with respect to the characteristics of participants, instruments and procedures. There was also a lack of studies focusing on the development of prejudice in Brazilian children. In addition further studies are needed with focus on minority groups and adults other than graduate and undergraduate students. Also, only one study has used an implicit measure of attitude. The relatively low number of psychological studies focusing on racial prejudice identified by this review, as well as the significant gaps in the existing research, revealed that is a field of study still in development in Brazil.(AU).

El objetivo de este artículo fue hacer una revisión sistemática de los estudios centrados en prejuicios raciales publicados por la Psicología Brasileña. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PEPSIC, INDEXPsi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), y PsycINFO, utilizando los términos "racismo" y "prejuicio racial". La base de datos final incluida en el análisis abarcó 77 artículos publicados desde 2001, 35 teóricos y 42 empíricos. La Psicología Social, en sus diferentes aspectos, ha sido la base teórica más utilizada. El tema más común en los artículos empíricos fue las cuotas de acceso a la educación superior. Por su parte, los artículos teóricos investigaban temas como el origen de los prejuicios raciales y sus formas de expresión, las consecuencias del perjuicio para las víctimas del racismo y la influencia de las teorías raciales en el desarrollo de la Psicología, entre otros temas. Se identificaron algunas carencias en la descripción metodológica de los estudios, particularmente en la caracterización de los participantes, instrumentos y procedimientos adoptados. Además, se encontró la necesidad de incrementar la investigación dirigida a la comprensión de cómo los prejuicios raciales se desarrollan en los niños en el contexto brasileño, investigar a los adultos que no poseen formación universitaria y a las personas pertenecientes a grupos discriminados. Por otra parte, solamente un estudio utilizó mediciones de actitudes implícitas. El número relativamente bajo de investigaciones publicadas, así como las carencias identificadas, revelan que lejos de estar saturada, esta área todavía puede desarrollarse mucho en el país.(AU).

Revisão sistemática de estudos da psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial / Systematic review of brazilian psychological studies about racial prejudice / Revisión sistematica de estudios de psicología brasileña sobre el prejuicio

O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre os estudos com foco em preconceito racial publicados pela Psicologia brasileira. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PePSIC, Index Psi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), e PsycINFO, utilizando os termos "racismo" ou "preconceito racial". O banco final incluído na análise foi constituído por 77 artigos, 35 teóricos e 42 empíricos, publicados desde 2001. A Psicologia Social, em suas mais variadas vertentes, foi a base teórica mais utilizada. O tema mais frequente nos artigos empíricos foram as cotas de acesso ao ensino superior. Já os teóricos investigaram temas como as origens do preconceito racial e suas formas de expressão, as consequências do preconceito para as vítimas de racismo, e as influências de teorias raciais no desenvolvimento da Psicologia, entre outros. Foram identificadas algumas lacunas na descrição metodológica dos estudos nacionais, principalmente no que diz respeito à caracterização de participantes, instrumentos e procedimentos adotados. Também foi constatada a necessidade de um incremento na realização de pesquisas que visem a compreender como o preconceito racial se desenvolve em crianças no contexto brasileiro. São escassas, ainda, pesquisas que tenham como foco adultos não-universitários e pessoas que pertençam a grupos discriminados. Além disso, apenas um estudo utilizou medidas implícitas de atitude. O número relativamente baixo de pesquisas da Psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial publicadas, assim como as lacunas identificadas, revelam que, longe de estar saturada, a área ainda tem muito a se desenvolver no país.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review Brazilian psychological studies focusing on racial prejudice. A search was conducted in the databases SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PePSIC, Index Psi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), and PsycINFO. The final database included in the analysis consisted of 77 articles, 35 theoreticals and 42 empiricals, published since 2001. Social Psychology was the most widely used theorical basis. The affirmative actions, specially the quota system, were the most frequent theme of empirical studies. On the other hand the theoretical studies focused on a variety of topics such as the origins and expression of racial prejudice, the consequences of prejudice for its victims, and the influences of racial theories in the development of Psychology. Results indicated the existence of some methodological gaps in the description of the studies, particularly with respect to the characteristics of participants, instruments and procedures. There was also a lack of studies focusing on the development of prejudice in Brazilian children. In addition further studies are needed with focus on minority groups and adults other than graduate and undergraduate students. Also, only one study has used an implicit measure of attitude. The relatively low number of psychological studies focusing on racial prejudice identified by this review, as well as the significant gaps in the existing research, revealed that is a field of study still in development in Brazil.

El objetivo de este artículo fue hacer una revisión sistemática de los estudios centrados en prejuicios raciales publicados por la Psicología Brasileña. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PEPSIC, INDEXPsi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), y PsycINFO, utilizando los términos "racismo" y "prejuicio racial". La base de datos final incluida en el análisis abarcó 77 artículos publicados desde 2001, 35 teóricos y 42 empíricos. La Psicología Social, en sus diferentes aspectos, ha sido la base teórica más utilizada. El tema más común en los artículos empíricos fue las cuotas de acceso a la educación superior. Por su parte, los artículos teóricos investigaban temas como el origen de los prejuicios raciales y sus formas de expresión, las consecuencias del perjuicio para las víctimas del racismo y la influencia de las teorías raciales en el desarrollo de la Psicología, entre otros temas. Se identificaron algunas carencias en la descripción metodológica de los estudios, particularmente en la caracterización de los participantes, instrumentos y procedimientos adoptados. Además, se encontró la necesidad de incrementar la investigación dirigida a la comprensión de cómo los prejuicios raciales se desarrollan en los niños en el contexto brasileño, investigar a los adultos que no poseen formación universitaria y a las personas pertenecientes a grupos discriminados. Por otra parte, solamente un estudio utilizó mediciones de actitudes implícitas. El número relativamente bajo de investigaciones publicadas, así como las carencias identificadas, revelan que lejos de estar saturada, esta área todavía puede desarrollarse mucho en el país.